Manifestations of Commemoration in Egypt and the Levant during the Tulunid and Ikhshidid Dynasties (245-358 AH / 868-968 AD)

The thesis and its references. The first chapter, entitled "The Concept of Immortalization and its Implications in Islamic Civilization," comprises six sections: the linguistic and technical definition of immortalization; immortalization in the sources of Islamic legislation; vocabulary related to immortalization; manifestations of immortalization; the general context of the rise of the Tulunid state and its impact on the emergence of manifestations of immortalization; and the general context of the rise of the Ikhshidid state and its impact on the phenomenon of immortalization. The second chapter, "Manifestations of Immortalization in the Tulunid State," addresses seven manifestations: political immortalization; military immortalization; administrative immortalization; economic immortalization; social immortalization; religious immortalization; and cultural and scientific immortalization. The third chapter, "Manifestations of Immortalization in the Ikhshidid State," examines the various aspects of immortalization, encompassing the same seven manifestations outlined in the second chapter. The thesis concludes with a summary of the study's key findings, supported by recommendations and appendices. Since this study addresses the topic of commemoration among the Tulunids and Ikhshidids, it has consulted a considerable number of primary and secondary sources, as well as research papers, articles, letters, and dissertations. These will be presented in a source grouping as follows: