Conspiracies and Insurrections Against the Crown of England 1267 – 1485
المؤامرات والتمردات ضد عرش إنگلترا 1267 ـــ 1485
| dc.contributor.advisor | أ.د حسنين عبد الكاظم عجه | ar |
| dc.contributor.author | الهاشمي, محمد سعيد شخير | ar |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-09-09T21:44:27Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2026 | en |
| dc.description.abstract | اقتضى تصوري للموضوع، والمادة التي تيسرت لي تقسيم الدراسة على فصولٍ ستة، تطرق الأول منها إلى: "إدوارد الأول وآليات إخضاع الأطراف: دراسة في تمردات ويلز واستراتيجيات الردع الملكي 1272 – 1307"، وهي في مجملها أعطت تصوراً عن بواكير النشاط العسكري لإدوارد الأول، وظروف مواجهته تمردات أمراء ويلز لاسيما ليولين أب غريفود، واستعراض ملابسات نهاية الاستقلال الويلزي ووقائعه حتى صدور قانون رودلان عام 1284، واختتمتُ الفصل ببيان أثر الهيمنة القانونية والعمرانية في وأد بذور التمرد الويلزي المتجدد. واستعرضتُ في الفصل الثاني: "التحدي الاسكتلندي لمؤسسة العرش الإنگليزي : منذ تمرد وليام والاس إلى حملات روبرت بروس 1286 – 1307"، مركزاً على جذور أزمة الخلافة الاسكتلندية وأساليب التدخل الإنگليزي، وتتبعتُ ظروف تمرد وليام والاس والفعاليات القتالية التي أعقبته، ثم تحوله إلى صراع سيادي شامل بقيادة روبرت بروس، واسترسلتُ في توضيح أثر فشل الدبلوماسية العسكرية في استيعاب الروح القومية الاسكتلندية حتى نهاية عهد إدوارد الأول. وتطرقتً في ثالث فصول الدراسة إلى: "تصدع هيبة العرش والتمردات البارونية في عهد إدوارد الثاني 1307 – 1327"، بدءاً ببواكير حياة الملك إدوارد الثاني وأثر صفاته في تأجيج المعارضة، وملابسات صراعه مع إيرل لانكستر والبارونات، ونشاطاتهم السياسية والعسكرية ضد مفضلي الملك، وحراكه العسكري المتعثر في اسكتلندا، واختتمتُ الفصل بتحليل ملابسات المؤامرة الكبرى التي قادها روجر مورتيمر والملكة إيزابيلا وانتهت بخلع الملك ثم اغتياله. وتناولت في الفصل الرابع: "المؤامرات والتمردات على العرش الإنگليزي، في عهد البلانتجانت المتأخر 1327 - 1399"، مُبيناً جهود إدوارد الثالث في استعادة زمام المبادرة من المتآمرين، وحراكه الدبلوماسي والعسكري في فرنسا واسكتلندا، ثم انتقلتُ لتشريح أزمات عهد ريتشارد الثاني، لاسيما تمرد وات تايلر عام 1381، وسجالات الملك مع البارونات المناوئين، وصولاً إلى نجاح تمرد هنري بولينغبروك، وانتقال العرش إلى بيت لانكستر. وجاء الفصل الخامس بعنوان: "موقف العرش الإنگليزي من المؤامرات والتمردات التي حيكت ضده في بواكير عهد آل لانكستر 1399 - 1422"، الذي اقتضى مني تحليل المؤامرات المبكرة التي واجهت آل لانكستر، كمؤامرتي عيد الغطاس والرهبان الرماديين، وتتبعتُ تطور علاقة الملك المتوترة مع آل بيرسي وتفاصيل تمردهم المسلح، ثم عرجتُ على تمرد رئيس أساقفة يورك ريتشارد سكروب وأثره في تردي علاقة العرش بالإكليروس، واختتمتُ الفصل باستعراض آليات الردع الملكي ضد اللولارديين ومؤامرة ساوثهامبتون. | ar |
| dc.description.abstractenglish | Late Medieval England witnessed a period of profound political and military gestation, coupled with structural transformations that reshaped the English balance of power. The institution of the English Crown played the most significant role in defining these shifts. Since the second half of the 13th century, the English elites felt compelled to engage in a struggle for dominance over the Crown, seeking to steer it in alignment with their aspirations by exploiting its preoccupation with intense continental and regional conflicts involving France, Scotland, and Wales. This dynamic evolved into a series of tensions and mobilizations between the elites and their monarchs, manifesting sometimes through clandestine conspiracies and at other times through diverse rebellions between 1267 and 1485. These conspiracies and rebellions reached their zenith as the Crown transitioned from the centralization of the three Edwards to the dynastic fragmentation that accompanied the rise of the Houses of Lancaster and York. This era saw conspiracies evolve from court intrigues to full-scale military rebellions supported by internal and external factions, exhausting the human and economic resources of both the Crown and its rivals. This turbulent cycle continued until the fall of the House of Lancaster and the ascent of the Tudors, marking the end of Medieval England and the dawn of the Modern Era. Despite existing academic works, there remains a dire need for an in-depth analytical study linking political variables with the conspiratorial practices of the aristocracy—from the rebellions of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd against Edward I to the political earthquake that toppled the last medieval king, Richard III, at the Battle of Bosworth. Hence, I have chosen these conspiracies and rebellions as the subject of my study, titled: "Conspiracies and Insurrections Against the Crown of England 1267 – 1485" This study is driven by a multi-axial hypothesis: "The English Crown, represented by the Plantagenet, Lancaster, and York dynasties, faced extensive conspiratorial movements and complex military maneuvers aimed at achieving sovereign gains. These grew from the ambitions of feudal and nationalist forces seeking either secession or usurpation. This process began with the legal consolidation of elite power via Parliament under Edward I, exploited the internal strife and weak character of Edward II and Richard II, and reached a crisis of legitimacy under Henry IV, before culminating in the military gamble of the Wars of the Roses, which ultimately shifted the initiative to the centralized Tudor monarchy in 1485. To analyze this hypothesis, the study addresses several critical questions, including: • What were the political motives behind the rebellion of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1274, and how did the English Crown utilize the Treaty of Aberconwy to undermine his ambitions? • How did the Welsh rebellion evolve from a border dispute into an existential threat to the English Crown between 1277 and 1282? • What legal mechanisms of dominance did Edward I employ to suppress the rebellion of Dafydd ap Gruffudd and his subsequent legal execution in 1284? • How did England utilize "architectural tools" (the Iron Ring of Castles) to deter renewed Welsh rebellions up to 1294? • How did the Baronial Rebellion weaken Edward II’s grip in the face of the Scottish onslaught between 1307 and 1314? • Why did the Crown fail to suppress the rebellion of the barons in Wales and Northern England between 1320 and 1323? • What were the features of Roger Mortimer’s systematic conspiracy from his exile in France, and how did he manage the invasion of England in 1326? • What were the driving forces behind the Peasants' Revolt (Wat Tyler) in 1381, and how did Richard II confront the popular conspiracy in London? • What were the constitutional grounds for Henry Bolingbroke’s rebellion in 1399, and how did he succeed in deposing Richard II to establish Lancastrian legitimacy? • How did the Grey Friars employ political propaganda to conspire against Henry IV between 1402 and 1404? • What legal conspiratorial mechanisms did Richard III use to ascend the throne by displacing the sons of Edward IV? • How did the medieval philosophy of rebellion and conspiracy conclude with the fall of Richard III at Bosworth in 1485, and what were the indicators of the transition toward the Tudor Monarchy? The study is organized into six chapters, as follows: Chapter One: "Edward I and the Mechanisms of Peripheral Subjugation: A Study of Welsh Rebellions and Royal Deterrence Strategies (1274–1307)", This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of Edward I’s early military endeavors and his confrontations with the Welsh princes, most notably Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. It examines the circumstances surrounding the end of Welsh independence, leading up to the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284. The chapter concludes by analyzing the impact of legal and architectural hegemony (the Castle-Building strategy) in eradicating the seeds of renewed Welsh insurgency. Chapter Two: "The Scottish Challenge and the English Crown: From William Wallace’s Rebellion to Robert the Bruce’s Ambition (1286–1307)", This chapter focuses on the origins of the Scottish succession crisis and the methods of English intervention. It traces the trajectory of William Wallace’s rebellion and the subsequent military engagements, followed by its evolution into a full-scale sovereign conflict led by Robert the Bruce. It further elucidates how the failure of military diplomacy to assimilate Scottish national sentiment persisted until the end of Edward I’s reign. Chapter Three: "The Erosion of Royal Prestige and Baronial Rebellions during the Reign of Edward II (1307–1327)", Starting with the early life of Edward II, this chapter explores how his personal character fueled opposition. It details his conflicts with the Earl of Lancaster and the baronial class, their political and military maneuvers against the King’s favorites, and his faltering military efforts in Scotland. The chapter culminates in an analysis of the "Great Conspiracy" orchestrated by Roger Mortimer and Queen Isabella, which led to the King’s deposition and eventual assassination. Chapter Four: "Conspiracies and Rebellions against the English Throne during the Late Plantagenet Era (1327–1399)", This chapter highlights Edward III’s efforts to reclaim royal initiative from conspirators and his diplomatic and military activities in France and Scotland. It then transitions to a detailed examination of the crises during Richard II’s reign, specifically the Peasants' Revolt (1381) and the King's disputes with opposing barons, leading to the successful rebellion of Henry Bolingbroke and the transition of the Crown to the House of Lancaster. Chapter Five: "The English Throne's Stance on Conspiracies and Rebellions during the Early Lancastrian Reign (1399–1422)", This chapter analyzes the early conspiracies faced by the House of Lancaster, such as the Epiphany Rising and the Grey Friars' Plot. It follows the deteriorating relationship between the King and the Percy family, detailing their armed insurgency. Furthermore, it addresses the rebellion of Archbishop Richard Scrope and its impact on the relationship between the Crown and the Clergy, concluding with an overview of royal deterrence measures against the Lollards and the Southampton Plot. Chapter Six: "The Wars of the Roses and the Decay of Plantagenet Legitimacy: A Reading of Dynastic Conspiracies until 1485." The final chapter traces the early conflict between the houses of Lancaster and York, the conspiratorial activities of the "Kingmakers," and the measures taken by Richard III to secure the throne. It examines his struggles with rivals until his death at the Battle of Bosworth, marking the end of medieval dynasties and the dawn of the Tudor Era. The study concludes by synthesizing the main themes and presenting the findings derived from the thirty questions posed in the hypothesis. This study has culminated in a series of conclusions that address the core hypotheses and research questions, as detailed below: • The rebellion of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1274 was characterized by a distinct Welsh nationalistic trend aimed at ending feudal dependency on the English Crown. His refusal to perform homage reflected a desire for full sovereignty. The English Crown's response proved that it viewed this not as a mere border dispute, but as a direct threat to the sovereign authority that Edward I sought to impose permanently over Wales. • The Baronial Rebellion (1307–1314) played a pivotal role in weakening Edward II’s position against the Scottish tide. The lack of trust between the King and his barons hindered the mobilization of adequate forces, granting Robert the Bruce the opportunity to consolidate his power and reclaim vital strongholds. • The defeat at Bannockburn (1314) shattered the prestige of the English Crown and emboldened the Earl of Lancaster to impose a regency over the throne. The battle demonstrated that military failure inevitably leads to the erosion of political legitimacy. • Edward Bruce’s rebellion in Ireland drained the English Crown’s resources by opening a second front that exhausted the royal treasury and forced Edward II to disperse his military focus, further weakening his northern frontier. • The Crown’s failure to suppress the baronial rebellions of 1320–1323 resulted from the King's over-reliance on the Despensers, which isolated the Crown from its aristocratic base and shifted baronial opposition from reformist demands to an armed movement to purge the court. • French support for the Scottish rebellion (1334–1346) transformed a regional dispute into a pan-European conflict. Edward III realized that northern stability could only be achieved by breaking French power, leading him to move the theater of war to French soil. • The rebellion of 1399 represented the pinnacle of political maturity, where one king was replaced by another without destroying the institution of the Crown itself, favoring a "Constitutional Coup" over total civil war. • The administrative incompetence of Henry VI led to the emergence of Chamber Plots and the eventual Wars of the Roses. The collapse of central authority made the Crown a prize for whoever possessed the greatest military force. • The fall of Richard III at Bosworth marked the end of medieval rebellion philosophy. Henry Tudor’s victory signaled a move toward a centralized modern monarchy, dismantling private noble armies and redirecting noble energy toward service to the Crown. | en |
| dc.format.medium | ETD | en |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | en |
| dc.identifier.doi | https://doi.org/10.31185/uowasit-65 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://repository.uowasit.edu.iq/handle/123456789/221 | |
| dc.language.iso | ar | en |
| dc.publisher | Wasit University | en |
| dc.title | المؤامرات والتمردات ضد عرش إنگلترا 1267 ـــ 1485 | ar |
| dc.title.alternative | Conspiracies and Insurrections Against the Crown of England 1267 – 1485 | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | en |
| thesis.degree.discipline | قسم التاريخ | ar |
| thesis.degree.grantor | جامعة واسط | ar |
| thesis.degree.level | doctoral | en |
| thesis.degree.name | دكتوراه | ar |
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