Diplomatic Relations in Greece (1600-338 BC)
الدبلوماسية في بلاد اليونان 1600-338 ق.م
| dc.contributor.advisor | أ.د. حسين سيد نور جلال الاعرجي | ar |
| dc.contributor.author | السعدون, علي رعد رؤوف | ar |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-09-27T07:33:43Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2026 | en |
| dc.description.abstract | كان الفصل الأول مخصصا للإطار النظري للدراسة فكان تعريف "الدبلوماسية" في السياق القديم: بين الفعل السياسي والرمز الديني، في اللغة والاصطلاح مبحثا اول، اما المبحث الثاني فقد خصص لدراسة جذور الدبلوماسية النظري في الملاحم الاساطير اليونانية، وتناول المبحث الثالث أدوات الدبلوماسية في العالم القديم (المفاوضات، المعاهدات، السفراء). الفصل الثاني: بدايات العلاقات الدبلوماسية (1600–800 ق.م) المبحث الأول: العلاقات بين الممالك الميسينية والحضارات الشرقية (مصر، الحيثيين). المبحث الثاني: الدبلوماسية في العصر المظلم اليوناني (غياب المركزية وبروز الروابط القبلية). المبحث الثالث: أثر الأساطير والملحمة (الإلياذة والأوديسة) في تشكيل الوعي الدبلوماسي. الفصل الثالث: الدبلوماسية في العصر الآركايكي (800–500 ق.م) المبحث الأول: نشوء المدن–الدول (Polis) وتطور العلاقات فيما بينها. المبحث الثاني: التحالفات والاتفاقيات بين أثينا، إسبرطة، كورنثوس، وغيرها. المبحث الثالث: دور الألعاب الأولمبية والاحتفالات الدينية كقنوات دبلوماسية. الفصل الرابع: الدبلوماسية في العصر الكلاسيكي (500–338 ق.م) المبحث الأول: الدبلوماسية خلال الحروب الفارسية (المفاوضات والتحالفات ضد الأخمينيين). المبحث الثاني: الدبلوماسية في الحرب البيلوبونيسية (تحليل ثوسيديديس). المبحث الثالث: دور السفراء والبعثات الرسمية في إدارة الصراع بين أثينا وإسبرطة. الفصل الخامس: صعود مقدونيا وانهيار النظام الدبلوماسي اليوناني المبحث الأول: التحولات الدبلوماسية بعد صعود مقدونيا حتى معركة خيرونيا (338 ق.م). (دبلوماسية فيليب الثاني: الجمع بين القوة العسكرية والمناورة السياسية.) المبحث الثاني: مؤتمر كورنثوس (338 ق.م.): نهاية الاستقلال الدبلوماسي للبوليس. المبحث الثالث: الدبلوماسية اليونانية كإرث: تأثيرها على الإمبراطورية الرومانية والعصر الهلنستي. | ar |
| dc.description.abstractenglish | In a world where war is supposed to be the language of politics, diplomacy stands out as a civilizing act that redefines power. It is not merely a postponement of violence, but rather the building of a network of ties and agreements that reshape identities, define the limits of sovereignty, and weave meanings of the "other" in a context of conflict and cooperation. At the heart of that tension lies Greek civilization, not as an exceptional case, but as an early laboratory for international relations. Between the ruins of the Mycenaean civilization in the Late Bronze Age and the collapse of Greece’s political independence at the Battle of Kironia (338 BC), complex diplomatic practices were formed, going beyond verbal exchanges or military alliances to include rituals, symbols, institutions, and codified personal relationships. Hence, Greek diplomacy is not seen as merely an external tool, but as an internal practice that reproduces the political system itself. From a broader perspective, this study is an attempt to understand how the idea of the "international order" crystallized in the pre-nation-state world, and how small political entities (polices) interacted in the absence of a central authority. It also contributes to a review of the discourse of "Greek exceptionalism" in Western thought, by comparing Greece's practices in diplomatic relations with its contemporaries (such as the Hittites, Egyptians, Babylonians, and Persians), thus adding a civilizational overlap dimension to the study. The reasons for choosing the topic lie in bridging the knowledge gap in Arabic studies: While the Western library is full of specialized studies on Greek diplomacy (from Thucydides to Hermann and Rice), Arabic studies almost reduce this dimension to passing references within general history books, focusing on the term diplomacy more than on it being a relationship, in addition to the connection with the structural transformations from the period extending from 1600 to 338 BC, so that it covers major political upheavals from the era of the central kingdoms (the Mycenaean era), to the era of their disintegration in the “Dark Ages”, then the emergence of the polis, its prosperity, its conflicts and its collapse in front of Macedonia. The research problem is based on how diplomatic relations developed in Greece between 1600 and 338 BC, and how they transformed from semi-ritualistic, non-institutional practices into a complex diplomatic system that reflects the transformation of the polis from closed entities to components in a regional political network, as well as knowing the extent of the influence of cultural, religious, and symbolic factors in shaping these relations. The study assumes that diplomatic relations in Greece developed through qualitative stages, in which diplomacy was not merely a tactical tool for war or peace, but rather an integrated political-symbolic system that incorporated cultural values (such as hospitality – Xenia), institutional structures (such as embassies – Proxenia), and strategic motives, leading to the formation of a prototype of “multipolar system” diplomacy, which ended with its collapse in the face of the rise of the centralized Macedonian state. The study adopted the critical analytical historical approach, with the help of elements of the structural-functional approach: to understand the role that diplomatic practices played in maintaining the stability of the police and to analyze diplomatic symbols (such as swearing oaths to the gods, exchanging gifts, and opening rites). This research does not merely list alliances and treaties, but seeks to understand the Greek diplomatic mind, the mind that balanced the divine and the political, the city and the world, and war and peace. By tracing the development of diplomatic relations over more than 1200 years, this work contributes to rehabilitating Greek history as a history of relations, not just of conflict terrain. In doing so, it opens the door to deeper comparisons with contemporary civilizations and contributes to dismantling the “East/West” dichotomy in the concepts of politics and diplomacy. The study also concluded: Ancient Greek diplomacy was a direct result of the nature of the political system based on the multiplicity of sovereignly independent “city-states” (Poleis). This political fragmentation, along with the unity of language, religion, and culture, imposed a permanent structural need for organized channels of communication between these competing entities. Diplomacy arose as a mechanism for managing the tension between political independence and shared civilizational belonging. Historical evidence has proven that the Greek ambassador (Presbeutes) enjoyed personal immunity derived from religious sanctity and not just from a positive legal text, as violating his sanctity was considered an insult to the gods who sponsored the embassy (especially Hermes and Zeus), which practically established the first historical image of the principle of “diplomatic immunity,” which today constitutes one of the pillars of international diplomatic law. The study revealed that Greek cities relied on international arbitration mechanisms to resolve border and trade disputes, where a neutral third city or religious body was chosen to settle the dispute, representing a direct historical root of the principle of international arbitration adopted today in settling disputes between countries. The study revealed that diplomatic decision-making in Greek cities, especially in democratic systems like Athens, was not the exclusive domain of a narrow elite, but rather involved multiple actors such as orators, advisors, and citizens in the general assembly, reflecting a close link between the nature of the internal political system and the style of managing foreign relations. The study concluded, in its general summary, that ancient Greek diplomacy was not merely a series of transient political practices, but rather constituted an integrated intellectual and institutional system that contributed to the formulation of the first concepts of sovereignty, representation, negotiation, alliance, and immunity, making it a fundamental foundational link in the development of diplomatic thought and international law throughout human history. | en |
| dc.format.medium | ETD | en |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | en |
| dc.identifier.doi | https://doi.org/10.31185/uowasit-98 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://repository.uowasit.edu.iq/handle/123456789/254 | |
| dc.language.iso | ar | en |
| dc.publisher | Wasit University | en |
| dc.title | الدبلوماسية في بلاد اليونان 1600-338 ق.م | ar |
| dc.title.alternative | Diplomatic Relations in Greece (1600-338 BC) | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | en |
| thesis.degree.discipline | قسم التاريخ | ar |
| thesis.degree.grantor | جامعة واسط | ar |
| thesis.degree.level | doctoral | en |
| thesis.degree.name | دكتوراه | ar |
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